Possible roles of short-chain fatty acids produced by oral bacteria in the development of alveolar osteitis.

PURPOSE: Alveolar osteitis (dry sockets) is a painful condition characterized by a limited immune response. It is typically caused by the removal of blood clots from extracted tooth sockets, which leads to the fermentation of trapped food remnants by oral bacteria in the cavities, producing high concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This study examined the effects of SCFAs on immunity and bone metabolism. METHODS: Mouse macrophage Raw264.7 cells were treated with oral bacteria supernatants or SCFA mixtures, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels were determined by western blot. The same cells were treated with SCFA mixtures in the presence of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), and osteoclast-like cells were counted. MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with SCFA mixtures and stained with alizarin red S. RESULTS: Raw264.7 cells treated with oral bacterial culture supernatants of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced iNOS production, likely due to SCFA content. SCFA mixtures mimicking these supernatants inhibited the number of RANKL-induced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells and MC3T3-E1 cell mineralization. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that SCFAs produced by P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum may reduce the inflammatory response and mildly induce mineralization of the alveolar walls. These results may contribute to the understanding of alveolar osteitis.

Complexação de guaiacol com ß-ciclodextrina para tratamento de alveolite seca: avaliação in vitro e in vivo / ß-cyclodextrin complexation of guaiacol for the treatment of dry socket: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

A alveolite seca (AS) é uma das complicações pós-operatórias mais comuns e sintomáticas na odontologia, porém, até o momento não há um protocolo de tratamento definido. O composto fenólico guaiacol (Gu) é um dos materiais utilizados para revestimento intra-alveolar devido às suas propriedades analgésicas, antioxidantes e antimicrobianas. Contudo, sua desvantagem é a dificuldade de manipulação decorrente da sua baixa estabilidade, alta volatilidade e sensibilidade à oxidação. Para melhorar suas propriedades e aumentar sua aplicabilidade clínica, um complexo de inclusão de Gu com ß-ciclodextrina (ßcd) foi desenvolvido. A formação do complexo supramolecular de Gu:ßcd foi caracterizada mediante a ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN), nos experimentos de 1H e 2D ROESY. A atividade antibacteriana do Gu e Gu:ßcd frente a Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis e Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans foi analisada pelo método da microdiluição e sua citotoxicidade em osteoblastos de calvária de rato, foi estudado com o ensaio do MTT. O processo de reparo alveolar induzido pelo Gu:ßcd foi avaliado histologicamente após tratamento de alveolite seca em molares inferiores de ratos. A RMN mostrou correlações espaciais entre os hidrogênios internos (H3 e H5) da ßcd e os hidrogênios aromáticos, H(a) e H(b) do Gu, confirmando a formação do complexo. A complexação do Gu na ßcd potencializou seu efeito antibacteriano e reduziu sua citotoxicidade em osteoblastos. O estudo in vivo evidenciou a ocorrência de ossificação no ápice alveolar dos ratos tratados com Gu:ßcd, no 7o dia. No 14o dia, as trabéculas ósseas ocuparam também o terço médio do alvéolo e no 21o dia, todo o alvéolo se encontrava preenchido por osso neoformado. Estes resultados foram similares ao controle negativo e superiores ao controle positivo (Alvogyl®). Os benefícios obtidos pela inclusão do Gu na ßcd foram demonstrados pela melhora das...

Dry socket is one of the most common and symptomatic complications in dentistry, however, there is still not a settled treatment for this condition. The phenolic compound guaiacol (Gu) is one of several alveolar dressings used in dry socket because it has analgesic, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Nevertheless, its disadvantage is the difficulty of manipulation due to its low stability, high volatility and sensitivity to oxidation. To improve its properties and increase its clinical applicability, an inclusion complex of Gu with ß-cyclodextrin (ßcd) was developed. The Gu:ßcd supramolecular complex was characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Ressonance (NMR), in the 1H and 2D ROESY experiments. The antibacterial activity of Gu and Gu:ßcd over Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was analyzed using the microdilution method and its cytotoxicity in rat calvaria-derived osteoblast was evaluated with the MTT assay. The alveolus repair process induced by Gu:ßcd was histologically studied after the treatment of dry socket in rat mandibular molars. The NMR showed spatial correlations between internal hydrogens (H3 and H5) of ßcd and aromatic hydrogens, H(a) and H(b), of Gu confirming the inclusion complex formation. Gu:ßcd complex potentiated Gu antibacterial effect and reduced its cytotoxicity in osteoblasts. The in vivo study revealed that ossification occurred in the alveolar apex of rats treated with Gu:ßcd, by day 7. In the 14th day, the trabecular bone occupied the apical and middle thirds of the socket and on the 21st day, the entire alveolus was filled by newly formed bone. These results were similar to the negative control and superior to the positive control (AlvogylTM). Benefits gained from inclusion of Gu in cyclodextrin have been particularly demonstrated by the improvement in Gu biological properties in vitro and the appropriate alveolus...

Healing of tooth extraction sockets in experimental diabetes mellitus.

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to examine the healing of molar tooth extraction sockets in the streptozotocin-treated, diabetic rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was induced in a group of mature Sprague-Dawley rats by injecting streptozotocin. Control animals were injected with citrate buffer only. A third group of rats were also injected with streptozotocin, but the diabetes was controlled by daily injections of insulin. After 2 weeks, all of the rats underwent extraction of the right maxillary molar teeth under general anesthesia. The rats were killed at varying intervals and the maxilla and calvaria recovered in continuity. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), the latter to identify diabetic microangiopathy. RESULTS: At 10 days after tooth extraction in the control and insulin-streptozotocin-treated rats, thick collagen fibers formed a pretrabecular scaffold that dictated the direction of the forming trabeculae. The collagen fibers in the diabetic socket were thin and scanty, and formed a narrow layer in the apical part. There was no evidence of diabetic microangiopathy in the extraction sockets of diabetic, insulin-treated diabetic, or normal rats. CONCLUSION: These histologic observations suggest that in uncontrolled, insulin-dependent diabetes, the formation of the collagenous framework in the tooth extraction socket is inhibited, resulting in delayed healing and increased alveolar destruction.

[The clinico-biophysical parallels of mixed saliva in odontogenic inflammatory diseases]. / Kliniko-biofizicheskie paralleli smeshannoi sliuny pri odontogennykh vospalitel'nykh zabolevaniiakh.

Mixed salivary pools of 102 patients suffering from odontogenic inflammations were examined in microwave field over the period of 3 to 42 days from the disease onset. Immunoglobulins of the three main classes were measured in these salivary pools starting from the fourth through the 28th day of the disease. Graphs reflecting the time course of the coefficient of biophysical parameters and immunoglobulin levels in patients' mixed saliva were plotted and a mathematical model of an odontogenic inflammation described for the first time, and the markers of the phases of these inflammations defined.

Investigation of dressings designed for treatment of alveolitis sicca dolorosa. Part 4: Analysis of the mechanism of liberation of drugs from dressings in vivo.

Analysis of liberation of medical substances from dressing for treatment of dry tooth-socket proved that this process proceeds simultaneously to two receiving compartments. Liberation to saliva proceeds as in vitro conditions, whereas liberation to tissue of the tooth-socket is limited by the absorption rate. Based on measurements carried out in vitro one can predict the period of effectiveness of the dressings in vivo. It is evident that results of measurements in vitro can be correlated with those in vivo.